AbstractOne of the issues raised after the establishment of the Administrative Court of Justice was who can appear as a plaintiff in the Administrative Court of Justice and whether state agencies can appear as a plaintiff in the Administrative Court of Justice. According to the rulings No. 37, 38 and 39 of the Court of Administrative Justice in 1368, state agencies can in no way be present in the branches of the Court of Administrative Justice as a plaintiff. This decision was approved by the General Assembly of the Supreme Court in No. 602 in 1374, but the question was raised that what is the task of the state apparatus in relation to matters within the jurisdiction of the Court of Administrative Justice? In 2007, the General Assembly of the Supreme Court, Decision No. 699, tried to somehow open this deadlock and find a solution to this problem. However, these votes of the General Assembly of the Supreme Court created other problems, hence the vote of unity. Procedure No. 792 was issued in July 2016 and has somehow annulled votes No. 602 and 699. The author believes that vote 972 is a positive development in the separation of powers of the Court of Administrative Justice and public courts.

In this article the procedural unity verdict no 708 of Supreme Court general board, after paying installments the dowry is examined and recognizes the wife's imprisonment right based on legal& jurisprudential criteria, specially the principle of family security and the nature of marriage. As we know the consequences of family are not limited to parties and family members and the success, failure and instability of the family, have the direct effect on society and even on next generations. So that, the tenth Article of the Constitution of Islamic republic of Iran describes the family as the foundation of Islamic society, but apparently-despite this insignificant-some judicial decisions-such as the above verdict don’ t support the family as a fundamental unit, and even those decisions along with other factors, sometimes would be an obstacle for family durability. This article with descriptive-analytic method is proved that this verdict is not compatible to legal& jurisprudential criteria in terms of not paying attention to the role of the Supreme Court, the situation of dowry in marriage contract, the real description of this subject, and specially lack of attention to husband's inability to pay the dowry (insolvency) and the sentence of paying installments the dowry and due to its negative consequences in preventing the marriage should be reconsidered.

Voting as a decisive act in elections, regardless of the degree of influence on the order of religious democracy, in all referendums and elections, sometimes takes a deterrent form and is cast white. Legal systems have each chosen an analysis of the identity and effect of the blank vote; But in the Constitutional law order of Iran, blank votes are considered as cast and invalid votes. The main issue of this work is the analysis of blank vote on both sides of the citizen and also the legal confrontation of the ruling electoral system. On the one hand, the identity of the right-holder or abuser of the blank vote determines the legal status of the voter in relation to the election and clarifies his or her duty or right to the political system as well as to the candidates. On the other hand, what identity and effect will the blank vote received by the executors have on the fate of the elections and the political system? According to the library studies and descriptive-analytical approaches, this article, without being caught in the dilemma of right or duty, considers the preservation of the political system and the necessity of consulting the Islamic ruler as a constraint on the right to vote or a basis for disrespecting the blank vote. It also analyzes the nature of blank vote as silence or "La Adri".

Voting is one of the most significant ways for individuals to make a say in the government’s decision-making. A ballot is the bedrock to democracy which may be also argued as a formal expression of choice for a candidate or a proposed solution to an issue. The low turnout rate in the recent Malaysian by-election in Johor, Malacca and Sarawak as well as the 15th General Election (GE15) has led to the discussion on the rights to vote and not to vote. The primary issue to be addressed in this article is whether the right not to vote violates morality in the political context and whether or not such a right constitutes freedom of expression. Furthermore, the relationship between the state and the people will also be studied further in order to determine the responsibilities of the people. The primary objective of this article is to determine the relationship between low voter turnout rates from certain groups of communities and the validity of their decision to vote or not to vote in a legal and moral paradigm. The authors will collect data from primary and secondary sources such as books and journals related to the right to vote and not to vote in different political systems. The authors will also analyze data from books, journals, articles and more to make reasonable comparisons between the democratic system in Malaysia and in other countries that discuss the right not to vote.

The expectation interest damage refers to a kind of damage injured to the non-breaching party by obligor’, s failure to comply with the contract obligation. The contract performance as a right belongs to the obligee and breaching this right constitutes the expectation interest damage. in the Iranian Law this concept may in substance be considered as loss of profit then uncoverable but it should be noted that they are distinguished because the expectation interest unlike the loss of profit is as definite and actual damage. In the most jurisdiction like Common Law and civil law this damage is recoverable and in the Iranian law there are some rules may imply the coverability of the damage like article 536 of the Civil Act. The purpose of this article is to justify the legal basics of compensation of the expectation damage in the Iranian law, jurisdiction as well as legal doctrines’,in the light of comparative law.

Obviously, the truth is that the judge is not immune from error and mistake by virtue of being human. In each case, the probability of mistake and error cannot be ruled out, therefore, it is necessary to monitor the manner of judgment and the issuance of a verdict, and on the other hand, the acceleration of the investigation and the season of hostility require that the supervision of the proceedings to be over at one point. The precision in the proceedings and monitoring the manner of the courts procedure in the above instances involve great importance, but it should not be in such a way that to preclude the termination of claims, henceforth in most countries, after two degrees of litigation. It is assumed that the verdict is in accordance with the fact that it is strictly forbidden to appeal the case (the validity of the closed case). Today this rule is considered to be the most basic rules of procedure, which in the two-stage hearing, in the time of the protest to the verdict and the period for the review, the enforcement of the ruling of the first court, shall be suspended.